Unlocking Potential: Specialized Training for Steel Fixers in Romania's Evolving Job Market

Engaging Introduction

If you are a steel fixer in Romania today, you are standing at a pivotal moment in the construction industry. From the EU-funded modernization of highways and hospitals to the private boom in logistics, industrial facilities, and residential towers, demand for reinforced concrete structures is rising across the country. Projects in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi need skilled people who can read reinforcement drawings, tie steel quickly and safely, and coordinate with formwork, concrete, and site engineering teams. Employers are actively looking for professionals who not only perform solid craft work but can also step up into foreman, rebar detailing, quality control, and safety roles.

This blog is a practical field guide to career progression for steel fixers in Romania. We will break down advancement paths, specialized training that unlocks better pay, recognized certifications, salary ranges (RON/EUR), typical employers, and city-by-city opportunities. You will also find concrete steps to move from helper to skilled worker, supervisor, or even into BIM-driven rebar detailing. Whether you want to build your career domestically or prepare for work in Western Europe, you will get a clear plan, credible resources, and examples you can act on today.

What Does a Steel Fixer Do in Romania Today?

The core of the job remains the same: place and tie rebar according to design and site instructions so concrete structures meet strength and durability requirements. But the role has expanded as construction becomes more complex and regulated.

Key Responsibilities

• Interpret reinforcement drawings, bar bending schedules (BBS), and site sketches
• Identify bar marks, diameters, shapes, spacing, laps, and couplers
• Cut, bend, and shape bars (on-site or coordinate with rebar yard/prefab supplier)
• Position and secure reinforcement using spacers, chairs, ties, and couplers
• Coordinate with formwork and concrete teams for sequencing and pour readiness
• Follow strict safety, quality, and inspection protocols
• Use power tools and specialized equipment (rebar tying guns, cutters, benders)
• Communicate issues and red flags early (e.g., clashes, rebar congestion, wrong cover)

Typical Employers in Romania

• General contractors and developers: Bog'Art, PORR Construct, Strabag, Con-A, Constructii Erbasu, WeBuild (Astaldi), FCC Construction, Concelex, and regional contractors
• Specialist rebar fabricators and detailing companies supplying cut-and-bent reinforcement
• Precast concrete factories producing columns, beams, slabs, and piles (e.g., SOMACO, Prefab SA, Macon, SW Umplute)
• Industrial and infrastructure projects: roads, bridges, rail, energy, water treatment plants, logistics hubs

Where the Jobs Are

• Bucharest-Ilfov: High-rise residential and offices, metro extensions, ring road and transport nodes
• Cluj-Napoca: Industrial parks, logistics, commercial buildings, and the new metro line preparation
• Timisoara: Automotive suppliers, logistics corridors along A1, commercial and residential complexes
• Iasi: Hospitals, university buildings, residential expansions, and public infrastructure upgrades

The Romanian Job Market: Demand Drivers and Outlook

Romania's construction sector is being fueled by multiple long-term drivers:

• EU funds for transport, healthcare, and green infrastructure
• Private investment in logistics and manufacturing facilities near Western corridors
• Urban densification and residential redevelopment in big cities
• Ongoing energy projects and water management upgrades

For steel fixers, this means a sustained need for professionals who can deliver quality reinforcement work on schedule and under strict safety rules. Contractors are also tightening quality control, which rewards those who document work, follow drawings accurately, and communicate professionally with engineers.

Salary Ranges and Benefits: RON and EUR Benchmarks

Note: Salary figures below are indicative net monthly amounts (after taxes and typical deductions) based on 2025-2026 market observations. Actual pay varies by employer, contract type, overtime, allowances, and city. Use these as negotiation guides, not fixed promises.

By Experience Level

• Helper / Apprentice (0-1 year):

  • 2,800 - 4,200 RON net/month (approx. 560 - 840 EUR)
  • Often includes meal tickets and basic PPE provided by employer

• Skilled Steel Fixer (2-5 years):

  • 4,500 - 7,000 RON net/month (approx. 900 - 1,400 EUR)
  • Overtime and night shift premiums can push totals higher during peak pours

• Lead Hand / Chargehand (5+ years):

  • 5,800 - 8,000 RON net/month (approx. 1,160 - 1,600 EUR)
  • Additional pay for coordination, mentoring, and documentation responsibilities

• Foreman / Site Supervisor (crew management):

  • 6,500 - 9,500 RON net/month (approx. 1,300 - 1,900 EUR)
  • Often includes a phone allowance, transport, and performance bonuses

• Rebar Detailer / BIM Technician (office role):

  • 6,000 - 10,000 RON net/month (approx. 1,200 - 2,000 EUR) depending on software proficiency (Tekla, Revit, Allplan) and language skills

By City

• Bucharest-Ilfov: Top of market ranges due to project scale and pace
• Cluj-Napoca: Slightly below Bucharest but strong, especially for industrial/logistics projects
• Timisoara: Competitive, often boosted by industrial schedules and tight timelines
• Iasi: Moderate ranges; adjust expectations slightly lower than Cluj/Timisoara

Day Rates and Allowances

• Day rates for experienced fixers range from 180 - 350 RON/day, depending on job complexity and region
• Travel and accommodation allowances for out-of-city projects are common; per diem can add 40 - 120 RON/day
• For international postings, daily rates can reach 100 - 160 EUR plus accommodation and transport; language skills and certifications strongly influence offers

Important Notes on Benefits

• Meal tickets are standard in many construction companies
• PPE should be provided; quality varies by employer
• Training sponsorship (e.g., safety courses, formwork systems) is a negotiation point
• Clarify overtime rules, weekend work, and pay calculation before signing

Clear Career Pathways for Steel Fixers

Your craft can become a lifelong career with multiple directions. Here are realistic pathways in Romania, with skills and certificates that help you step up.

1) Skilled Craft Specialist

• Focus: Master complex reinforcement builds such as heavily congested cores, seismic joints, bridges, tanks, and industrial plinths
• Training priorities:
  • Advanced drawing and BBS reading
  • Mechanical couplers and rebar continuity systems
  • Formwork coordination (Doka, PERI systems)
  • Work at height and crane signaling with rigging basics
• Pay boost: Top-of-range skilled worker rates, frequent overtime opportunities

2) Lead Hand to Foreman (Supervisory Track)

• Focus: Crew leadership, production planning, quality checks, safety briefings, documentation
• Training priorities:
  • Leadership and communication for foremen
  • Site diaries, ITPs (Inspection and Test Plans), and checklists
  • Basic MS Excel or mobile apps for daily reports
  • Safety coordination and incident reporting
• Certificates that help:
  • ANC (Autoritatea Nationala pentru Calificari) supervisory or competency modules
  • SSM (Securitate si Sanatate in Munca) extended training (e.g., 40-hour safety rep)
  • For higher responsibilities over execution quality, investigate ISC pathways for RTE (Responsabil Tehnic cu Executia) in the long term

3) Quality Control and Site Documentation

• Focus: Verifying compliance before pours, cover checks, bar spacing, rebar cleanliness, photos, sign-offs
• Training priorities:
  • Reading specifications and tolerances
  • Use of cover meters and checklists
  • Nonconformity reporting and corrective action tracking
• Certificates that help:
  • ANC quality assurance modules where available
  • Internal contractor QC training; manufacturer trainings (couplers, systems)

4) Rebar Detailing and BIM (Office Track)

• Focus: Produce accurate BBS, clash detection, 2D/3D models, prefabrication optimization
• Training priorities:
  • Tekla Structures, Autodesk Revit, Allplan Engineering, or Advance Steel for rebar
  • Excel for take-off calculations and scheduling
  • Basic English for international teams and software documentation
• Outcome: Access to higher-paying, less physically demanding roles; potential remote or hybrid work

5) Safety and Logistics Specializations

• Safety (SSM): Toolbox talks, incident prevention, fall protection coordination
• Logistics: Just-in-time deliveries, laydown planning, preassembly coordination with rebar yards
• Certificates:
  • SSM (40-hour safety rep) and specialist safety trainings (work at height, first aid)
  • ISCIR-recognized training for rigging/slinging (legator de sarcina), to work around cranes safely

6) Entrepreneurship

• Subcontract a team of steel fixers for projects in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, or Iasi
• Invest in tying guns, cutters, benders, and a delivery van
• Build relationships with rebar suppliers and general contractors
• Keep excellent documentation, timesheets, and safety compliance to win repeat work

Specialized Training That Moves the Needle

Specialized training is the fastest way to increase your value. Focus on modules that make your work safer, faster, and more accurate, while matching what employers are actively asking for.

Core Technical Courses (ANC-Certified)

• Steel fixer qualification: ANC-recognized vocational course covering interpretation of drawings, use of tools, tying methods, and safety
• Complementary modules often bundled or offered separately:
  • Reading construction drawings and BBS essentials
  • Concrete technology basics (curing, vibration, cold/hot weather concreting)
  • Formwork interface for steel fixers

Where to look:

• Casa de Meserii a Constructorilor (CMC): Sector-specific training for construction trades
• ANOFM (Agentia Nationala pentru Ocuparea Fortei de Munca): Public programs and vouchers for jobseekers
• Private authorized training centers with ANC accreditation in major cities

Safety and Compliance Courses

• SSM introductory training (as per Law 319/2006 on Occupational Safety and Health)
• Work at height and fall protection
• First aid basic course
• Fire prevention and firefighting awareness (PSI)
• Rigging and signaling for cranes (legator de sarcina) through authorized providers; important where lifting operations are daily

Advanced Specializations

• Mechanical couplers and continuity systems: Trainings often facilitated by manufacturers (e.g., Dextra, Lenton/nVent, Barus), covering installation and torque requirements
• Post-tensioning basics: Awareness-level training for coordination with PT teams, especially in bridges and slabs
• Formwork systems: PERI and Doka system familiarization improves coordination and reduces rework
• BIM and rebar detailing software: Tekla Structures, Autodesk Revit, Allplan Engineering; focus on rebar modeling, clash detection, and schedule extraction
• Digital site tools: Use of tablets, plan viewers, and measurement apps for real-time updates and photo documentation

Soft Skills and Management

• Communication and conflict resolution on site
• Time management and crew planning
• Report writing and photo documentation for inspections
• Basic budgeting and material take-offs for aspiring foremen and subcontractors

Certifications and Regulations: What Matters for Career Progression

Understanding the Romanian regulatory landscape ensures you choose training that is recognized and valuable.

• ANC (Autoritatea Nationala pentru Calificari): Accredits vocational training courses. Look for ANC-certified steel fixer qualifications and related modules to have nationally recognized credentials aligned with the EQF.
• SSM (Securitate si Sanatate in Munca): Mandatory safety induction and periodic refreshers; specific roles may require extended hours and specialized modules.
• ISC (Inspectoratul de Stat in Constructii): Oversees quality and technical responsibility in construction. Advanced roles like RTE (Responsabil Tehnic cu Executia) and Diriginte de Santier require specific education, experience, and authorization processes; these are long-term goals if you move into higher technical oversight.
• ISCIR (Inspectoratul de Stat pentru Controlul Cazanelor, Recipientelor sub Presiune si Instalatiilor de Ridicat): Authorizes training providers and personnel for lifting operations. If you work frequently around cranes, a legator de sarcina certificate from an authorized provider increases employability and safety.
• EU Mobility Recognition: ANC certificates can be mapped to the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). Use Europass CV and diploma supplements to support recognition if you apply abroad. Additional country-specific cards (e.g., CSCS in the UK) may be required if you work internationally.

City-by-City Opportunities and How to Approach Them

Bucharest-Ilfov

• Market snapshot: Romania's largest concentration of complex projects. High-rise towers, commercial centers, healthcare, and major transport nodes.
• Employers: Large general contractors, international joint ventures, and specialized subcontractors.
• Pay: Highest in the country; skilled fixers often secure 5,500 - 7,000 RON net, foremen 7,500 - 9,500 RON net.
• Tips to win roles:
  • Emphasize experience with congested cores, basement slabs, and coupler systems
  • Show you can coordinate with formwork and concrete testing teams under tight schedules
  • Prepare to pass safety inductions and align with strict QA/QC procedures

Cluj-Napoca

• Market snapshot: Strong pipeline driven by logistics, industrial parks, and urban development. Metro project preparation increases demand.
• Employers: Regional contractors and transnational firms delivering industrial halls and complex public buildings.
• Pay: Competitive; skilled fixers around 4,800 - 6,800 RON net; foremen 6,800 - 8,800 RON net.
• Tips:
  • Manufacturing and logistics projects want speed and safety consistency; highlight productivity metrics and zero-incident records
  • BIM-awareness helps; some sites use tablets and digital plan approvals

Timisoara

• Market snapshot: Automotive and electronics supply chain projects, A1 corridor logistics, and mixed-use developments.
• Employers: Large contractors with strict scheduling and prefab coordination.
• Pay: On par with Cluj; skilled fixers 4,700 - 6,700 RON net; foremen 6,700 - 8,700 RON net.
• Tips:
  • Emphasize experience in slab-on-grade reinforcement, high-tolerance foundations, and coordination with precast deliveries
  • Rigging/slinging authorization is valuable due to frequent crane operations

Iasi

• Market snapshot: Growing residential, hospitals, and education projects; public tenders steady.
• Employers: Regional contractors, public works specialists, and private developers.
• Pay: Slightly lower than western hubs; skilled fixers 4,300 - 6,300 RON net; foremen 6,000 - 8,000 RON net.
• Tips:
  • Stress reliability, blueprint reading, and quality documentation to differentiate from lower-cost labor
  • Willingness to travel regionally can boost earnings via allowances

How to Choose a Training Provider in Romania

Not all courses are equal. Use this checklist before you spend time and money.

1. Accreditation and Recognition

• Is the course ANC-accredited and does it specify the qualification level?
• For safety or rigging, is the provider authorized where required (e.g., by ISCIR for lifting-related training)?

1. Practical Hours and Facilities

• How many hands-on hours are included on real or simulated site setups?
• Are there tools for practice (benders, tying guns, couplers, formwork panels)?

1. Trainer Profile

• Does the trainer have site experience on large Romanian or EU projects?
• Can they provide references or outcomes from past cohorts?

1. Assessment and Portfolio

• Are there practical assessments and a final certificate recognized by employers?
• Do they help you build a portfolio: photos of your work, sample checklists, and a course report?

1. Job Linkage

• Does the provider have partnerships with contractors for placements?
• Are there guest lectures from employers or site visits?

1. Cost and Funding

• Confirm total cost, duration, and what is included (PPE, manuals, software trials)
• Check ANOFM aid, employer sponsorship, or industry programs via Casa de Meserii a Constructorilor (CMC)

A 90-Day Action Plan to Level Up

You can create visible progress in three months if you are disciplined. Use this plan whether you are in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, Iasi, or elsewhere.

Days 1-10: Baseline and Goals

• Skills audit: Rate yourself 1-5 on drawing literacy, tying speed, accuracy, safety, communication
• Evidence gathering: Collect photos of past work, references, and any certificates
• Choose a track: Specialist craft, supervisory, or detailing/BIM

Days 11-40: Enroll and Practice

• Enroll in 1 ANC-certified course (e.g., advanced steel fixing module) or a safety specialization
• Add 1 targeted skill: mechanical couplers, work at height, or rigging/signaling
• Practice: 30 minutes daily on reading BBS and drawings; sketch bars and laps to internalize symbols

Days 41-70: On-Site Upgrades

• Volunteer for complex tasks under supervision: congested beams, cores, walls, or PT coordination
• Start a personal QA habit: use a pocket checklist for cover, spacing, cleanliness, and bar marks before each pour area
• Lead a mini-briefing for your crew once per week (with your foreman’s OK)

Days 71-90: Professionalize and Apply

• Update your CV using Europass; attach scanned certificates and portfolio photos
• Ask your supervisor for a written reference focusing on safety and quality
• Apply to 5-10 roles that match your upgraded profile, including in higher-paying cities
• If aiming at BIM, finish a beginner module in Tekla or Revit and produce a small sample model and BBS to show employers

Tools, Technology, and Methods That Differentiate You

• Rebar tying machines: Using tools like MAX RB series or equivalent speeds up repetitive tasks; learn maintenance and correct tying tension
• Mechanical couplers: Understand torque specs, inspection steps, and documentation for sign-off
• Cover and spacing control: Master use of spacers/chairs, bar supports, and quick checks with a cover meter
• Digital drawings on site: Practice reading plans on a tablet, marking issues with photos and notes
• Formwork coordination: Learn the sequence logic of walls, slabs, and columns with Doka/PERI panels so your rebar is pour-ready without clashes
• Prefabrication: Work with cut-and-bent deliveries using bar lists; check completeness and mark issues early to avoid delays

From Site to Screen: Transitioning to Rebar Detailing

Moving into detailing is a strong pathway for steel fixers who enjoy drawings and precision. Here is how to do it.

• Start with fundamentals: BBS structure, bar scheduling rules, spacing tables, cover requirements across elements
• Software pick: Choose one primary platform (Tekla Structures or Revit for rebar) and one secondary (Allplan or Advance Steel)
• Learning path (3-6 months):
  1. 40-60 hours of beginner tutorials and exercises
  2. 1-2 small practice projects (beam-slab system and a core wall)
  3. Produce full BBS and exported schedules in Excel
  4. Create a portfolio PDF with screenshots and annotated details
• Aim for bilingual capability: English-language documentation helps you work with multinational teams in Bucharest or remotely with EU clients

Moving Into Leadership: Foreman and Beyond

To become a foreman, shift your mindset from individual productivity to crew outcomes and quality.

• Daily planning: Break tasks into targets per area, list material needs, check deliveries
• Safety culture: Run toolbox talks, verify PPE, and stop unsafe operations early
• Quality processes: Use simple checklists; photograph critical steps; coordinate inspections
• Communication: Stay aligned with site engineer, formwork lead, and concrete plant
• Documentation: Keep daily logs of workforce, progress, issues, and weather impacts

With several years of proven leadership and additional training, you can aim for higher technical oversight roles. Long-term, investigate the requirements for RTE authorization with ISC if you develop the necessary education and experience background.

International Mobility: Prepare the Right Way

Romanian steel fixers are in demand across the EU. To protect your interests and maximize earnings:

• Documentation: Europass CV, ANC certificates, safety courses, and a clear portfolio
• Language: Basic English or the host country language to understand safety briefings and drawings
• Contracts: Clarify net pay, allowances, accommodation, travel, working hours, and return tickets
• Social security: For posted work from Romania, ensure A1 forms and legal compliance; avoid cash-only arrangements
• Country-specific cards: Some markets require additional certifications; verify before departure

Practical, Actionable Advice You Can Use Now

• Build a personal quality checklist you carry every day: cover, spacing, cleanliness, bar marks, laps, and coupler torque
• Negotiate training support: Ask employers to co-fund safety or advanced courses; show how it improves productivity
• Track your metrics: Tie time per square meter, error rates, and rework incidents; use numbers in interviews
• Photograph your best work: Before and after photos of reinforcement areas prove your capability
• Keep a tool kit ready: Quality pliers, tying wire, cutting tools, gloves, eye protection, and a reliable measuring tape
• Stay informed: Follow project news in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi; time your applications when new phases start

What Employers Expect in Job Ads (and How to Meet Them)

• Experience reading rebar drawings: Practice daily and seek feedback from site engineers
• Safe working at heights and near cranes: Get work-at-height and rigging awareness certificates
• Reliability and productivity: Bring attendance records and supervisor references to interviews
• Team coordination: Share a story of resolving a clash or re-sequencing to meet a pour date
• Basic digital literacy: Show you can read PDFs on a phone or tablet and send clear photo reports

Example Interview Questions and Strong Answers

• Q: How do you ensure correct concrete cover?

  • A: I verify the specified cover on the drawing, place correct spacers/chairs, check formwork cleanliness, and confirm with a quick cover measurement before concrete. I photograph and log checks for QA.

• Q: What do you do if a rebar delivery is short or mislabeled?

  • A: I stop installation in the affected area, count and compare with BBS, report immediately to the foreman and storekeeper, document with photos, and propose a temporary resequencing plan to avoid idle time.

• Q: Describe a time you prevented rework.

  • A: On a core wall in Bucharest, I spotted congestion around an opening. I flagged it to the engineer, we switched to mechanical couplers for two bars, and avoided a clash with formwork ties, saving a day of rework.

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

• Guessing instead of checking drawings: Build the habit of reviewing details and asking early
• Poor housekeeping: Keep rebar elevated and clean to ensure bond and safety
• Skipping PPE: Do not work without gloves, eye protection, and hard hat
• Rushing laps and couplers: Follow exact lengths and torque specs, record checks
• Weak communication: Give early warnings to your foreman about delays or shortages

Realistic Progression Timeline

• 0-6 months: Complete safety induction, learn tools, basic tying, and follow drawings under supervision
• 6-24 months: Handle independent tasks, complex tying, and coordinate daily with formwork and concrete
• 2-5 years: Become a lead hand; take rigging and advanced safety modules; begin documenting QA steps
• 5-8 years: Move into foreman roles or transition to rebar detailing/BIM with software training
• 8+ years: Senior foreman, QC specialist, or pursue higher technical oversight pathways; consider entrepreneurship

Legal and Fiscal Notes to Keep in Mind

• Minimum sector wages and tax incentives for construction have changed over recent years. Confirm your contract's gross and net pay, applicable allowances, and any sector-specific tax rules at the time of signing.
• Ensure your employer registers you for mandatory safety training and health checks.
• Keep copies of all certificates, medical fitness records, and induction proof.

Conclusion: Your Next Step With ELEC

Romania's construction boom is creating real opportunities for steel fixers who invest in the right skills. Specialized training in safety, mechanical couplers, formwork coordination, and BIM-driven rebar detailing can lift your pay and open new roles, from crew leadership to office-based detailing. Cities like Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi are hiring now, and employers value professionals who bring both craft excellence and a culture of safety and documentation.

At ELEC, we connect skilled candidates with reputable employers across Romania and the wider European and Middle Eastern markets. If you are ready to step up, we can help you map a training plan, polish your portfolio, and target high-quality openings that match your goals.

Take the next step: contact ELEC to discuss your career objectives, preferred locations, and training needs. Together, we will build a progression plan that turns your experience into long-term success.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1) What qualifications do I need to become a steel fixer in Romania?

You can start as a helper with basic safety induction, but to advance quickly aim for an ANC-recognized vocational qualification in steel fixing. Complement it with SSM safety training, work-at-height certification, and practical site experience. Over time, add specializations like mechanical couplers, rigging/signaling, or BIM for rebar detailing.

2) How much can I earn as a steel fixer in Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timisoara, and Iasi?

Indicative net monthly ranges:

• Bucharest: skilled 5,500 - 7,000 RON; foreman 7,500 - 9,500 RON
• Cluj-Napoca: skilled 4,800 - 6,800 RON; foreman 6,800 - 8,800 RON
• Timisoara: skilled 4,700 - 6,700 RON; foreman 6,700 - 8,700 RON
• Iasi: skilled 4,300 - 6,300 RON; foreman 6,000 - 8,000 RON These convert roughly to 900 - 1,900 EUR depending on role, experience, and overtime.

3) Which specialized courses give me the fastest pay boost?

Courses in mechanical couplers, work at height, rigging/signaling (legator de sarcina), and PERI/Doka system familiarity provide immediate on-site value. For higher long-term pay and less physical strain, invest in BIM detailing software such as Tekla Structures or Revit, plus Excel for schedules.

4) Can I move from site work to an office-based rebar detailing role?

Yes. If you have strong drawing literacy, a disciplined approach to BBS, and you learn a rebar-capable modeling tool (Tekla, Revit, or Allplan), you can transition within 3-6 months of focused study. Build a small portfolio of practice models and schedules to show to employers.

5) What documents should I prepare when applying for jobs?

• Updated CV (Europass format is widely accepted)
• Copies of ANC certificates and safety courses
• References from foremen or site engineers
• Portfolio with photos of your best reinforcement work and any QA checklists
• For international roles: language certificates and any country-specific cards

6) Is there funding for training in Romania?

Yes, options exist. Check ANOFM programs for jobseekers, discuss sponsorship with your employer, and review sector initiatives via Casa de Meserii a Constructorilor (CMC). Some manufacturers also offer free or low-cost product trainings (e.g., couplers, formwork components).

7) What are the biggest mistakes that hold steel fixers back from promotion?

Not investing in drawing literacy, skipping safety protocols, weak documentation habits, and poor communication with formwork and engineering teams. Address these with targeted training, a daily QA checklist, and practicing concise, proactive updates to supervisors.